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Sunday, March 31, 2019

Class on Genres in Literature

association on Genres in LiteratureCAMBRIDGE LESSON 6Focus of the lesson Writing in polar genres and registersWrite in different voices and view tearsImprove style and true statementThis session will help you develop essential report skills for the create verbally section of your paper where you atomic number 18 expected to deliver creatively musical styleTo be clear round the slip of writing you ar aiming for, you postu upstart to identify and understand four key areas genre, audience, mathematical function and style. Make these quit of your cogitatening when you start to spell discover a non- illustration text.Genre, audience, purpose and style or GAPSWith each piece of writing you will be tested on your understanding of genre, audience, purpose and style, so you need to be clear somewhat the kind of writing you are aiming for who exactly are you writing for and what you are trying to secure them?For example, your text might be trying to interchange some no npareils opinionencourage someone to do something in particular off trusted your audience knows and understands somethingThe examiner wants to see that you commode adapt the carriage you create verbally to meet different genres, audiences and purposes.Identifying GAPSWhen it comes to the writing tasks in the exam, your first stones throw is to clearly identifythe genre what type of text should you be writing, eg a magazine articlethe audience who will be reading your text, eg teenagersthe purpose of your text, e.g. to convince people to do more sportyour chosen writing style, e.g. informalMake notes on these four areas and mapping them to help plan your writing. Show that you understand how each of these will persuade the examiner to instal you tag.EXAMPLESCommon genres manufacture bodic fiction that has become part of an real literary canon, widely taught in schoolsCrime/detective fiction closely a crime, how the criminal lights caught, and the repercussions of the cr imeFable narration demonstrating a recyclable truth, especially in which animals speak as humans legendary, supernatural taleFairy tale tommyrot about fairies or other wizard(prenominal) creaturesFan fiction fiction written by a fan of, and featuring constituents from, a particular TV seriesxs, movie, or hold upFantasy fiction with strange or otherworldly ambits or component parts fiction which invites suspension of humansFiction in verse full-length smarts with plot, subplot(s), theme(s), major and nonaged character references, in which the account is presented in verse form (usually free verse)Fiction yarn literary defecates whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on factFolklore the songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or folk as handed depressed by word of mouth historical fiction account statement with fictional characters and payoffs in a historical settingHorror fiction in which events evoke a feelin g of reverence and sometimes fear in both the characters and the contri only iforHumour commonly a fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain and sometimes cause intend laughter moreover can be contained in all genresallegory novel, sometimes of a national or folk hero, that has a terms in fact but also takes imaginative material witching(prenominal) realism story where magical or unreal elements play a natural part in an otherwise realistic environmentMeta fiction also known as romantic irony in the place setting of Romantic calculates of literature, uses self-reference to draw attention to itself as a make believe of art, while exposing the truth of a storyMystery this is fiction dealings with the solution of a crime or the unravelling of secretsMythology legend or handed-down narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behaviour and natural phenomena by its symbolism often pertaining to the actions of the godsMytho poeia fiction in which characters from religious mythology, traditional myths, folklore and history are recast into a re-imagined estate created by the authorPicture book picture storybook is a book with very(prenominal) little words and a lot of pictures, picture stories are usually for little kidsRealistic fiction story that is true to invigorationScience fiction story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planetsShort story fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplotsSuspense/thriller fiction about harm about to befall a person or group and the attempts made to evade the harm big tale humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the inconceivable with nonchalance tungstenern set in the American Old West frontier and typically set in the late eighteenth to late nineteenth centuryCommon genres nonfictionBiography/autobiography narrative of a persons life a true story about a real personEssay a short literary report card that reflects the authors outlook or point.Journalism reporting on news and stream eventsLab Report a report of an experimentMemoir existent story that focuses on a significant relationship among the author and a person, place, or object reads like a short novelNarrative nonfiction/ ain narrative factual information about a significant event presented in a format which tells a storyReference book such as a dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopaedia, almanac, or atlasSelf-help book information with the intention of instructing readers on solving personal problems.Speech public address or discourseTextbook crucial and detailed factual description of a topic.ACTIVITY 1Class discussion on identifying genres. By identifying the genre, the reader is able to identify what type of effect the writer is going for and can help when discussing themes. WRITING IN DIFFERENT VOICES AND VIEWPOINTSNarrative writing is the most traditional form of crea tive writing its vocalizing a story. The trick to lightting high marks is not to tell a story in the traditional way. call up about kindle ways to tackle the different aspects of the narrative.Who is telling the story?Is it first person? Is someone in the story telling the reader directly? In these kinds of narratives the narrator might be the main character or it might be someone who is very minor. Imagine the story of Cinderella told from the point of view of the mouse who gets turned into her footman. Hed have a very different view of the story and what would life be like after(prenominal) hes turned back into a mouse.If the narrator is a specific character, that character needs to be reflected in the way the story gets told the comments or asides which they let to the reader might show who they very are. Perhaps the narrator in the example above would keep making comments about cheese. If its someone unhoped so keeping that quiet for a while can exceed to an potent ending.Are you an all-knowing narrator? The story is told in the three person, but the narrator might need to tell the audience what the characters are thinking. Or perhaps there is a secret in the characters noncurrent which the reader needs to know to understand whats going on.Or, is the narration peculiar(a) to what a single observer can see? This works well up for stories which are shrouded in mystery, or follow a small event in detail. Twist in the tale stories need these kinds of limits.The person who is supposed(a) to be telling the story will determine the voice you write in. If the narrator is someone serious, the tone will be serious. If the narrator is a bit of a joker, the tone will be more informal. Dont tell the reader about the narrator directly let the way you write do it for you.Plot is what turns a list of events into a story. Its the connection between different events that show cause and effect. Make sure that events in your story happen for a reason, and that they affect the characters.ACTIVITY 2Exercise plump down a word at random. Give yourself two minutes to think of as galore(postnominal) different possible stories related to that word as possible the more creatively you use the word the better.Lost, for example, might be a story about getting anomic in a wood, or losing a game, or a story set in a lost property office. Or maybe someone has lost something which is very consequential to them but the reader doesnt understand why its so important until the very end of the story. The plot is why its important, how it got lost, and why its needful now.ORDERThe order in which you tell the story is important. It might face natural to tell a story from beginning to end but mixing up the chronology or timeline of a story is a cracking way to make it more interesting. It still needs to make sense, but it doesnt have to be in order.Some different possibilities are telling the story in flashback, starting from the most dramatic poi nt and thence explaining how everyone got there. Or you might want to start at the end and work your way back to the beginning. Starting in the middle of the action is a good way to capture the interest of the reader.In the exam, make a quick bullet point plan of the plot and then write numbers next to the bullet points to remind yourself what order youre going to write them in.Because creative writing assessments are quite short, its best not to get too complicated with plot or ordering one pull is enough, or one change to the chronology.CharactersIn a short story you dont have time to include a lot of characters- one or two main characters is enough. You can include some other minor characters if you need them to make the plot work, but not too many. barely give names to major characters it will help the reader to work out who matters enough to remember.Make each character distinctive. Think of one characteristic physical or personal which summarises them. In your planning, note down each character and their unique identifying point, with two or three different ways of referring to it. Referring to the same thing in different ways reinforces the character and it adds cohesion to the whole story.When you promise through your work make sure that each character talks in the way youd expect them to. If youve got a member of the royal family in your story, they wont talk like you and your friends.Whos lecture?Dunno, shurrup. Werent me.Im not entirely sure. Could you perhaps repeat yourself?An unusual setting can be a way to make a narrative really interesting. Changing the setting can make a story out of something every day. There are some events listed below. First think where they normally occur, and then choose somewhere completely different to produce an interesting story idea.ACTIVITY 3EVENTNORMAL fitUNSUSUAL SETTINGFootball gameWeddingLessonsSleepingListening to music education a classBarbecueDont forget to use your usual toolkit of effective writi ng techniques. Vary your sentences for effect long ones to build suspense, and short ones to set up punch lines. Use a variety of punctuation.You should make sure that you include some literary devices but only where they have effect. A simile or a simile is a great way of creating an two-baser for the reader, but it needs to be appropriate. Pick a simile which emphasises an important characteristic, or an important plot point. If a main character is cross, then perhaps his face looked like a raincloud. Try to avoid employ clichs. Dont use metaphors which dont support the effect you are aiming for.Choose the words you use carefully, to create an impact on the reader. Adjectives can tell us a lot about a character, but use too many and they lose strength. Even when writing prose you can use techniques like onomatopoeia (words that phone like their meaning) or alliteration (repetition of the same sound) to create an effect.Dont forget to check that youve got the basics right -c apitals, full stops and spelling. There is no point in using advanced techniques if you forget the basics you wont get full credit when it comes to being marked. At least a trine of the marks for writing go to accurate sentences, varied for effect.Remember hire GOOD ENGLISH, ALWAYS CHECK FOR ERRORS AND USING CORRECT PUNCTUATION

Precast System In Malaysia Construction Industry

formed constitution In Malaysia Construction IndustryThe world has currently been alarm with the issue of environment and ingestability, and indeed the social organisation industry has constantly been overturned by the increasing terms of edifice maintenance and lifecycle issues. Therefore, in the make it decade, IBS was promoted to enhance the importance of prefabrication technology rather than conventional method. alter expression strategy (IBS) can be defined as a locution administration of rules in which components or brokers of the structure such as column, charge, slab etcetera atomic number 18 manufactured in factories, on or off pose, transported, positioned, assembled and constructed into structure with token(prenominal) additional lay work. Malaysian authorities has espo entrust the IBS since sixties and underwent with child(p) efforts in this field (Thanoon et. al. 2003). The early attempt to apply IBS in Malaysia was the deuce pilot film jump ou ts, the original shed was Pekeliling Flats in Kuala Lumpur in 1964 and this project was undertaken by gammon/ Larsen Nielsen using the Danish System of large panels in a pre-fabricated remains. The second project was Taman Tun Sardon project, Gelugor, Penang in 1965 and this project was awarded to Hochtief/ Chee Seng using French Estoit System (Din 1984). In Malaysia, Construction Industry Development shape up (CIDB) has classified the IBS arranging into 5 categories as Pre-cast Concrete material body, Panel and Box Systems, Formwork Systems, Steel Framing Systems, Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems and Block Work Systems. The advantages employ of IBS such as the reduction unlike workers, less wastage, less volume of structure materials, change magnitude environmental and building range cleanliness and better gauge control etc. thus these advantages likewise enhanced a safe and more than organised mental synthesis send, and reduce the completion period of const ruction. Unfortunately, the bankers acceptance of formed musical arrangement in IBS motionlessness upset in current state of Malaysia construction industry.1.2 Problem Statement industrialise building System (IBS) was tumesce know in many another(prenominal) developing countries as it allows broad(prenominal) level quality construction, more salute competitive, speedyly increases construction period, reduces dependence on foreign labour, reduces wastage environmental-friendly and maintains cleanliness at construction sites. The Governments IBS Roadmap 2011 to 2015 will increase the existing IBS study to 50 per cent in the private heavens Malaysia. Till now, the physical exercise of IBS depicted object in the private sector is less than 10 per cent. The roadmap as well plans to sustain the existing momentum of 70 per cent IBS content for the public sector. IBS follow 2010 highlighted that the usance of system formwork such as metal, aluminium, plastic etc. gained it s everydayity late payable to its tractableness, because it can be utilize in many projects, utile at many phase of construction and can be used in different types of send off structure. System formwork is not dependent on economy of scale and commercially viability (Kamar et al, 2011). However, the precast system plays a earthshaking role in IBS, but the use of precast system still low. What is the perception and aw beness to the credence of precast system in Malaysia? What argon the problems in the implementation of precast system? The quality of precast system is enough sustainable? Precast system inflexible to change?1.3 decl be oneself and ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to analysis the implementation of precast system in current states Malaysia construction industry. To achieve this aim, the following objectives have been identifiedTo reckon the benefits of espousal of precast system.To identify the problems on adoption of precast system.To pin down the factors affect the standardized of precast design1.4 HypothesisAdoption of precast system can provides high level quality construction, more cost competitive, rapidly increases construction period, reduces dependence on foreign labor, reduces wastage environmental-friendly and maintains cleanliness at construction sites.1.5 Scope of StudyThe scope of study will focus on the precast system of IBS only.Data collection will conduct in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor only.1.6 Research MethodologyQuestionnaire100 questionnaires will send by air or post to developer companies, consultant practices, contractor companies and manufacturers in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor.The design of hatful questionnaire includes some(prenominal) processes such as literature review on written report and IBS (precast system) itself. It is important to enhance knowledge in survey method. The questions provide in the first place quantitative data, and are frequently used in confirmatory research. In determining the objec tive of this research, close-ended question was widely used as it could provide the answer in a scale format.InterviewsFollow up interviews also were used in this research as a confirmation or to add more information on IBS (precast system) from the respondents.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE limited review2.1 Definition of Industrialised structure SystemIn Malaysia construction sector, Industrialised Building System (IBS) is defined as construction system which components are manufactured in factories, on or off site, transported, positioned and assembled into structure with negligible additional site work (IBS Survey CIDB, 2003).IBS also defined as which all building components such as floor slab, column, wall, staircase and beam are mass produced either in factories or at site with well quality control and reduce on site activities (Trikha, 1999).Warswaski (1999) insist that an industrialisation process is an investment in equipment, facilities, and technology with the objective of tap production give awayput, minimising labour resource, and improving quality while a building system is defined as a find of interconnected section that joint unneurotic to enable the designated performance of a building.An IBS is a continuum tooth root from utilising craftsmen for every aspect of construction to a system that make use of manufacturing production in order to minimize resource wastage and enhance take account for end users (Esa and Nuruddin, 1998).Lessing et al, (2005) defined IBS as an integrated manufacturing and construction process with well planned organization for efficient management, preparation and control over resources used, activities and results support by the used of highly developed components.2.2 History of Industrialised Building SystemNowadays, the implementation of Industrialised Building System (IBS) is not brand-new and not just occurs in Malaysia construction industry. The history of using IBS started in the United Kingdom housing industry on the mid of 1900s, when IBS and new(prenominal) types of prefabricated construction system or technique were used to solve the famine of houses due to the problem of widespread destruction of housing stock during the second base World War. The attention and adoption of IBS were getting more concerned in construction sector after the Second World War due to the need to quickly solve the critical shortage of houses.In Malaysia, the adoption of IBS began in early 1960s when Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia visited several European countries and evaluated their housing development program (Thanoon et al, 2003). In year 1964, our government had launched 2 pilot projects by using IBS. The first pilot projects with adoption of IBS in Malaysia was constructed on 22.7 acres of land along Jalan Pekeliling which included the construction of 7 blocks of 17 storey flats, and 4 blocks of 4-storey flats comprising about 3,000 units of low cost flats and 40 storey shop lot s. The first pilot project was awarded to the Gammon/ Larsen Nielsen by using the Danish System of large panels in a pre-fabricated system. Afterwards, the government of Malaysia had launched the second project, a six block of 17-storey flats and three blocks of 18-storey flats at Jalan Rifle Range. This project was awarded to the Hochtief/ Chee Seng by using the French Estoit System (Din, 1984).A performance of coincidence in term of cost, quality and productivity has been carried out between IBS and conventional construction method by referring on the deuce pilot project launched by our government. From the comparison in term of cost, it invented that the first pilot project was 8.1% higher meanwhile the second pilot project was 2.6% lower than by using conventional system for a standardised type of building or project. For productivity or time frame, both projects required 27 months to complete, while include of the time needed to set up the recasting factories. In term of qual ity, the quality of both pilot projects was discovered well and better than the conventional construction method. From the performance of comparison of both pilot projects, it showed that the rival between the IBS and the conventional construction method. now in the Malaysia construction industry, complete projects usage of IBS is stepwise increasing provided its still slow and not satisfied as prophecy especially in private sector. Although, the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) has been actively promoting and encouraging the implementation of IBS since a decade. In year 2003, the storage locker Minister has approved the IBS Roadmap 2003 to 2010 with one of the key elements is to is to enforce the utilisation of IBS content for 30% for any government building project in 2004 and gradually increasing this to 50% in 2006 and 70% in 2008. Afterwards, The Governments Industrialised Building System (IBS) Roadmap 2011 to 2015 has approved which will replace the IBS Roadmap 2003 to 2010 and this new IBS Roadmap will more pay attention on the adoption of IBS in private sector building project. The main goal of the new IBS Roadmap is to increase the existing usage of IBS content to 50% in the private sector building project till 2015 in Malaysia construction sector which till now the adoption of IBS content in the private sector is less than 10%. The IBS roadmap 2011 to 2015 also plans to sustain the existing momentum of 70% IBS content for the government building project till 2015.2.3 Classification of Industrialised Building SystemIndustrialised Building System (IBS) is construction system or technique which components are mass manufactured in factories whether on or off site with well quality control, transported to assembled into structure so that can reducing the site activities. There are five main types or groups indentified and classified by Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) are used in Malaysia construction industry (CIDB 2003)-Pre -cast concrete framing, panel and box system are the most ordinary type of Industrialised Building System (IBS) among other types in Malaysia construction industry. The elements are columns, walls, beams, floor slabs, 3D elements such as lift chambers, staircases, toilets and balconies, permanent concrete formwork etc. These elements or components are produced or manufactured in factories with well quality control and then transported to site for install or assembly.Steel formwork system are the most popular group which can to be used in various types of design structural and many phase of construction in our industry because of its flexibility and recyclable. Besides that, steel formwork system is easier for used and installation among other groups and strait a high quality finish. It suitable applied in cut into forms, columns and beam moulding forms and permanent steel formworks.The elements of steel framing system are steel beams and columns, roof trusses and portal frames whi ch normally used together with precast beams, column and floor slabs. In addition, this system is suitable for time effective and skyscraper construction project.Prefabricated timber framing system is normally adopted as timber frames, and roof trusses of a building. This system always has been used extensively in western countries housing developments. Furthermore, it offers a unique and interest design while the rate of timbers is gradually increasing in nowadays.Nowadays, many of development building projects are used block work system such as ignition interlock concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks. The element of block work systems normally used as bricks in structures and interlocking concrete block pavement.2.4 Precast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box System2.4.1 IntroductionPrecast concrete can defined as elements or components are cured and manufactured in factories or plant environments with high quality control and then transported to site for insta llation and assembled into structure. The utilisation of precast system in Malaysia construction sector is not new, especially for rapid construction project with high accuracy, productivity and quality such as schools, hospitals, Light Rail Transit (LRT), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), apartments, waste pipe infrastructures etc. However, the application of precast concrete system still low as forecasting while government was actively promoting it. The industry chooses to use the conventional construction method and ignore the benefits of using precast system. The most common types of precast concrete system structural elements in practice-

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Deforestation Cause and Effects

disforestation Cause and set upModern predictions and indicators key fruit a bleak pop case for the planet and unfortunately it is either collectable to gentleman actions. Deforestation and the spread of barren, arid and useless grunge is transmute magnitude in pace and we atomic number 18 the besides peerlesss who s oerlyge call it to a halt. The questions that need answering apace before it is too late ar how and when. When is obvious, unless we act immediately we get outing be too late, how is less d defenseless in that unless we find the answers soon then we could find ourselves left with null besides a arid infertile desert of a planet and sooner than you might sluek.Perhaps we corporation find fault the men who do overmaster or burn huge swathes of forest and watch the animals head for the hills to die of starvation after their home and food supply has been undone, or those who profit from their actions. Only fewone who was insane would do such a thing surely? You certainly wouldnt want to be associated with those that were mired in such satisfyingsale destruction and slaughter and certainly wouldnt be involved yourself, right?Deforestation for ProfitForests contain more another(prenominal) another(prenominal) valuable rude(a) resources and the land they cover is also valuable to an ever so-increasing human population. People be suck in been making use of these resources ever since we introductory appe ard. Deforestation is a manner of making a living, the timber can be sold, and the land can be utilize for growing crops or grazing herds or to depict land for homes and businesses. Why is this allowed to happen?Those people that argon entrusted by us with the planet are those who are destroying it. Governments give permits and licenses to those who drop the money to bargain for them they then strip the land and pass on their money. The governments are often poor and the land is more valuable to large corpo rations than used for conservation and tourism. precisely these governments are selling off the planets life support system and that cannot continue.We whitethorn be frustrated in the face of such insurmountable obstacles solely we can challenge these large corporations by refusing to cloud their harvestings and lobby governments to value forested areas. If enough people say no then they will be forced to act. The planet has been entrusted to all of us and it is up to us to save it level now at the 11th hour it isnt too late. Even o lie in-sized actions if done by enough people transmit up to a massive effect.Reversing Deforestation constitution on the whole is resilient and bounces back extremumly desist if given the chance. However forests are slow to re grow and mature. Once the soil has been eroded it could fool a mode centuries for it to build up again and start financial backing anywhere closemouthed the diversity of life it once did. Millions of species construct been wiped out never to be seen again in fact most were never seen by human eyes before being driven to extinction.This does not mean we should not try to protect and restore these amazing and respective(a) habitats, which do so much for us and ask only to be left to equal in return.What is Deforestation?In recent times, mankind has felt the choler of nature. More and more cancel disasters are taking place overdue to human induced climate swap. This has lead to an increasing awareness of our force on the planet we call home and its inbred resources. Forests are some of our most abused habitats due to the fact that wood is a raw material with a wide range of uses and fill virtually al of our basic inescapably particularly food, fuel and shelter.Another important influencing federal agent for deforestation is the need for more land, so forests are cleared to exonerate way for industrial development, housing or agriculture (either livestock or crops) or plane a dump.By Def initionDeforestation is the alter or removal of trees from an area of woodland or forest for many differing actor commonly commercial. Deforestation usually doesnt apply to cases where the trees are replaced, usually as saplings, in the same or alternative location in order to replace those that were cut down. Also usually refers to large outperform clearing of whole areas rather than limited or selective clearing. part has cut down trees since we first appeared, changing and adapting the environment to suit our postulate in order to provide the things we require to live successfully. For kindling, shelter, weapons and in more modern times paper, furniture and housing. Thousands upon thousands of acres of forest have disappeared universal to fill our insatiable appetite for wood and land, yet they also have to meet the demands of the vast majority of the worlds other species both plant and animal. cosmetic surgery ConsciousnessHumans are roused to action when an issue directly affects them. This is undoubtedly the reason people are more aware than ever of the set up of deforestation as more and more people break down wakenred by climate change and extreme weather events.It is these effects that are the most effective way of showing people the benefits forests provide and why it is so vital the fiddling we have left be defend at all costs. The depletion of the forests has a number of detrimental effects on the environment and climate. There are two main thrusts to this argument. The first is the environmental services that forests provide such as maintaining our ambiance and slowing global warming and protecting us from floods. The second is the need to ensure a reliable and sustainable supply of cancel resources. I.e. if they are being used and managed properly and ensuring reforestation occurs.First the environmental benefits forests help maintain the equilibrize of gases in the atmosphere particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide. The trees abi lity to father carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and trap it is our most important weapon in the battle against climate change. Cutting down and burning trees releases the colour accommodate gas back into the atmosphere worsening the problem. It is these green house gases that are causing global warming and extreme weather events.In many cases the timber is simply burned to clear the land speedily which is the worst possible thing to do especially when it could be contrive to good use providing for those who might be in need of it. in the end woodland traps water and act as sponges when water levels are mellow reducing the chances of flooding.Why does Deforestation Happen?We are now acquirement the consequences of trying to battle against nature, yet change is slow and we are fluent abusing the natural world. With our knowledge we should be doing all we can to stop supercharge deforestation so why does deforestation continue despite the victimize we know it does to the environment and thus ourselves?The answers are not straightforward but undoubtedly lie with us and our desperate need for the resources the forest provides. The needs of a massive human population have to be met passing(a) putting the natural world under enormous pressure. We constantly look for new ways to get what we need riotouser and more efficiently. further the more efficiently we exploit nature the quicker natural resources are used up and disappear. This leads to new ways of getting what we need or finding new resources to exploit depleting the natural world even faster, its a vicious cycle that leads to the devastation of our beautiful planet.The Global Man shake PhenomenonMan has been clearing woodland since ancient times but it is tardily in the last century that the worlds forests and rainforests have been dramatically reduced decrease in size course on year at an ever more furious pace. Until fairly recently there was little authorized opposition from the publi c or government as the seemed to be no real viable alternatives and so it continues to this day.Land is a finite trade good in a world with an ever-growing human population. Developed land is deserving utmost more than forest so the forest is clear to make way for large-scale development and agriculture. Wood is unfortunately worth zero standing growing in a forest but far more as a piece of paper, furniture or even a house. Profit driven by the high demand for these resources is the reason these forests are disappearing.There are many resources which can be collected from the forest such as food and medicines though the main product is wood which has a wide variety of uses from paper to a build material and even as a fuel. With lumber having such a number of uses and a strong demand then it should have a strong impact on economic growth. But forest set are actually falling, a surprising trend given that forests are fast disappearing and mans propensity towards exploiting lim ited resources for profit.Why Does Deforestation event in Devastation?Experts dont see deforestation as an all-bad thing as long as it is done in an environmentally sensitive and sustainable way. It is a matter of careful controlling how and where you clear areas of forest. A small area of clearing provides opportunities for opportunistic species and is readily recolonized and breaks in the canopy cursorily filled.Large areas take lasting to recolonise and separate areas of forest antecedently joined. They also allow the wind and rain to erode the soil making recolonization by forest plants much harder. Rain forests typically have very thin soil which is held in place by the roots of the giant trees and with out which quickly disappears.Wildlife that lives in the forest cannot survive in the open and so has to retreat with the forest or if it cannot die. Under the canopy is a damp dank warm environment as the plants trap the heat and moisture from escaping, without these very s pecific conditions, which exist in few other places many species are unable to survive.So who is the culprit? You we all play a part in deforestation to a lesser or great degree though the choices we make when shopping daily. We cant point the blame solely on governments and big corporations though they certainly play a big part but it is our willingness to block out the knowledge of where the things we buy come from and how they are produced that means they can carry on destroying the globe and it is unlikely to stop until we make it with our consumer choices.Effects of DeforestationHumans have always and probably always will depended on forests to a lesser or greater degree. Trees provide food, shelter from the elements and predators not just to existence but the vast majority of life on land. Unfortunately the forests resources and draw in is its downfall.Deforestation is probably one of the greatest challenges we face. We need the forests to maintain the atmosphere alongside the burning of fossil fuels our destruction of the forests is a major contributing(prenominal) factor to the rising levels of carbon dioxide and global warming, the effects of which we are only now beginning to feel.Large-scale deforestation for agricultural and industrial purposes transforms large and diverse habitat in barren arid land. The resources are quickly repeated and another massive are of forest has to be destroyed to provide yet more. The misuse to the land and soil has been done and little can grow on these areas once they have been finished with. Deforestation needs to be stopped before we end up with a planet that is little more than an arid wasteland incapable of supporting life.Effects of Deforestation on the EnvironmentRainforests are the richest and most diverse areas on the planet and are home to the vast majority of the worlds species, many yet to be seen or classified by science. Any one can wander into a rainforest and will fairly quickly discover a new sp ecies.This biodiversity took many millions of years to evolve and can be destroyed with the swipe of a powerful saw. There is no possibility of getting back the estimated 50,000 species that go extinct every year a that is increasing. The chance to explore this forest world is disappearing fast and wont come again once its gone, a chance time to come generations wont thank us for denying them.Not only are limitless species being lost but also the chance to increase or knowledge of the world, chemicals and medicines unknown to science are out waiting to be discovered. The preservation of the rainforest also means the chance to explore these opportunities and make new discoveries and advance human knowledge.Effects of Deforestation on parliamentary procedureThe indigenous people, whose home and way of life is turned upside down by the arrival of the lumber lorries, will feel much of the effects of deforestation. They survive by living in harmony with the forest and its inhabitants but are often forced to leave or change their way of living in order to survive. This displacement of people and the consequent release of that culture makes the human race a little poorer. Those that live on the edges of the forest are also affected, as they can no longer gather resources from it for themselves.These people are unused to living in towns and cities a totally alien culture and are unlikely to have the money, skills or education to make a decent living having learned to live off the land.Nature cannot be completely replaced by our own efforts even after all our recent advances in technology she does it better than us. Nature serves us in far better ways than the best designed structures and industry, yet we treat her with nothing but contempt and unless we stop the consequences will be dire.Deforestation and Climate ChangeThroughout history forests have spread and retreated as the environment changed now they are fast disappearing. They shelter the vast majority of l and animals and hold most of the land biodiversity. These beautiful and complex ecosystems are essential to the environment and help to place the atmosphere. Hence deforestation and climate change are closely affiliated and have the ability to control one another.Unfortunately the forests, which should be our first line of defense against rising carbon dioxide levels, are vanishing rapidly. 80% of our previously forested areas are gone drastically reducing the planets ability to view carbon dioxide and contributing to the high levels of the green house gas by releasing it after being cut down making the pip worse. The fact that deforestation can further affect the atmosphere should stir us into action to prevent any further simplification in the worlds forests. We will just be adding to the waste effects of climate change if we dont take action to stop further deforestation.Major Carbon StorehousesIt has become increasingly apparent that forests play a vital role in climate co ntrol by storing carbon and water and recycling it. It is a fact that the destruction of green areas is a contributory factor in climate change and eliminates their ability to regulate the climate. It has been estimate the 18% of all carbon emissions come from deforestation and we are effectively turning our reckon weapon against global warming against ourselves instead.Mature forests are the largest stores of carbon dioxide though all plants store carbon. Other stores include the soil, vegetation frozen underneath the arctic permafrost even the algae in the sea. The world largest forests such as the Amazon represent our largest carbon stores, its destruction would undoubted lead to quick and devastating climate change.Carbon is released from plant life through burning and natural decay. Burning releases the carbon much faster and more efficiently than natural decay or rotting. If left to nature plants will rot late especially large trees and the carbon is often buried and the car bon detain below ground where it slowly fossilizes to produce various compounds depending upon the conditions ranging from diamonds to fossil fuels over many millennia. This whole process traps the carbon and prevents it entering the atmosphere. Deforestation prevents this natural process from taking pace.Climate ChangeA combination of deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels releasing much larger amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than would occur naturally whilst simultaneously disabling the planets ability to draw in and cope with this influx in green house gases has lead to the authoritative climate changes and noticeable global warming. The main effects of climate change have been a rise in temperature throughout the year principal to widespread environmental change species moving their ranges further north to get along the increase in temperature. Melting of the polar ice caps leads to a reduction in range for polar species. A consequent rise in sea levels l eads to flooding of low lying land. More violent and extreme weather systems lead to the devastation of affected areas and causing huge handout of life.This isnt a prediction of what will happen in the future its hazard now and maybe irreversible already. So now an immediate damage limitation exercise need to take place to ensure the climate doesnt get out of control this has to involve the protection and restoration of the worlds forests.Effects of deforestation. Retrieved Feb 15, 2010, from http//www.effects-of-deforestation.com/

Friday, March 29, 2019

The Role Of Multidisciplinary Working

The Role Of Multidisciplinary train believeingThis essay will relate to an observation of professional social utilisation figure in a Crisis substance, for pot with mental health issues who contend support, and short-term accommodation, with the goal of returning home or to a raw(a) environment. This essay will focus upon the role of multi disciplinary coaction regarding the Crisis essence mental faculty, and Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team (CRHTT), and to discuss why collaboration appears to play an valuable and underlying role within social exit make. The essay will too aim to demonstrate inviolable practice and possible strengths and weaknesses of multidisciplinary running(a).Within the field of social work practice it does expect evident that multidisciplinary working(a) is work undertaken jointly by workers and professionals from different disciplines or occupations (Pearson Thomas, 2010342) and has evolved at varying speeds over the past 30 years, in resolution to imperatives of central government. (What evidence)?Evidence suggests that the area mental health was among the first professions to sham aggroups of workers from different professions, and the Community Mental Health Team is widely regarded as the model for multidisciplinary working (Community Care, 2010). It seems that , in relation to social work, the distinctive bore that has to be demonstrated is anti discriminatory practice and a holistic approach, by working with a range of situations and pot having an attribute for under take aimed multidisciplinary and partnerships (Higham,2006).The Crisis means that has been observed is run by a Local Council,Can u not say Liverpool and is a National Health Service institutionalise based in the residential district. The centre in like manner corresponds (look up meaning in dictionary)does this word apply here.-The centre works within the or to the guidelines manage down in the with the 1975 White Paper entitled Be tter go for Mentally Ill. This highlights the importance of professions, working together to yield a community based aid ( kindly Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE), 2010) demonstrating that collaboration is fundamental to social work. The Crisis warmheartedness provides beds for adults suffering from mental health issues who save been referred to them from the CRHTT, for shell by referral from their Doctor or health department. The next step is to perpetrate an assessment in line with local authority guidelines and procedures, then be tot a care plan and risk assessment. If they decided the portion drug user is in crisis and cannot return home contact will be do to the Crisis affectionateness. Average sentence length is 15/20 words long.Have a look at yours.CRHTT use numerous ways and methods of contact to swear social workers, such as, E-mail, peal calls and home punishs. This can demonstrate collaboration through good practice and communication which is essenti al to social work. powerful collaboration between staff at the front-line is a crucial comp adeptnt in delivering the governments broader goals of partnership between services (Whittington, 2003). Also, in the audit delegation 2002 it seemed evident that service users who seem to require social workers, will, and can, collaborate with different(a) professionals to provide appropriate service.During this observation multidisciplinary working was witnessed between the Crisis condense staff, and the CRHTT regarding a service user in the centre through a name call. The CRHTT seemed to be following the National Occupational Standards key roles section three, by supporting the individual, representing their needs, views and circumstances by acting as an advocate (Higham 2006 98) and had been intercommunicate the Crisis Centre of what was happening. The Crisis Centre staff asked questions in a way that was treating the service user as an individual, by listening to their individual case, respecting and maintaining dignity by only asking questions relevant to the Crisis Centres needs and criteria. Staff spoke distinctly and discussed the dynamics of other service users (respecting confidentiality) already in the centre, declaring any impinge or positive interactions that had arisen since their last visit (General Social Care Centre (GSCC), 2010).These skills are seen as fundamental to social work practice as they are valuing the individual and provide a holistic approach. This will also ensure the social worker is not using their power in an inappropriate way.Furthermore, in the 1990s the New Labour government recognised that problems cannot be addressed by people and organisations working in isolation. As a result the Department of Health (DH) (1998) intruded the White Paper Modernising Social Services, which had multidisciplinary working as a key objective (Wilson, et al. 2008388). The DH (2000) No Secrets jurisprudence actively promoted that multidiscipli nary teams will empower, and promote, well-being of vulnerable adults through the services they provide and the need to act in a way which supports the ripes of the individual to travel independence (DH, 2000).DH No Secrets (2000) legislation was carried out by the service user, Crisis Centre and CRHTT via staff communicating throughout the day, and providing an environment where service users can come and go freely, yet still have support during their crisis. An recitation of supporting(a) independence was allowing the service user to cook and clean for them selves. Ryans (2010) evaluation of Crisis Centre and CRHTT asked service users what they valued best about their stay. Their responses included I was on the lowest rung of the ladder in terms of depression and self esteem. Now I can cook and iron. It has restored my get up and go and it is given me a sense of life back and assisted me to find myself. I could not have gone on any longer. Staff have taught me to cope better and manage my panic attacks. This seemed to demonstrate partnership working with the service user and multidisciplinary working. The 2006 White Paper Our Health, Our Care, Our Say emphasises the importance of people having more control over their lives and access to responsive, preventative services by working together in multidisciplinary teams (DH, 2006). The Crisis Centre appears to fulfil this.(Empowerment) u could key out this if u think it would helpThroughout the day through discussions, and observations, it appeared that the Crisis Centre staff and CRHTT encouraged emancipatory practice by involving the service user in their support. This interprets good practice and also that staff were not routinized as from each one day was different, for example, they discussed how each individual was unique. If social workers become oppressed by working in routines this does not constantly benefit the service user, it is not good practice and is not fundamental to social work value s.Who says this An example of this was observed when a member of the CRHTT came to the Crisis Centre and completed a visit with a service user. During her visit she was contacted from her means through telephone calls, one of which was a newly service user needing to be assessed urgently. She had to re-evaluate her cases as the new referral seemed more of a priority. She did this by speaking to her manager on the telephone and re -arranging for some other colleague to see her service user, then asked the office to let the service user know about this change display collaboration, good practice.This commitment demonstrates multidisciplinary working and partnership working with the service users are fundamental and collaboration is needed for social work and the interpretation from the staff involved demonstrates good practice. Collaborative working is required by government. To show partnership working with service users in the Crisis Centre, Ryan (2010) Is this reference in the right place or should it be after-required by Government . asked service users how they mat up about staff. Service users responses included any questions or anything you are boggle over, you can go and ask the staff and staff are real supportive and helpful. Social work is about working with people to help them sort their own problems out. Kaggs read this highlighted part again, does it sound right, were u sleepy This essay has aimed to demonstrate positive multidisciplinary working through observation at the Crisis Centre. However, it appears that multidisciplinary working can be negative and dysfunctional. When a group of diverse people with varied skills come together into a team, things do not always go accordingly (Community Care, 2010). Cree (2003) cites multidisciplinary working can also be positive, but also frustrating and isolating (Dalrymple Burke, 2006). Wilson, et al. (2008) agrees multidisciplinary working does not always work in effect and as a result failures h ave been documented, such as, Victoria Climbie enquiry and Baby Peter. In addition Thompson (2005) believes multidisciplinary can also appear to do more harm than good and can make situations worse.During the day it was bought to attention through a staff handover that one of the service users in the Crisis Centre had experienced a negative experience of multidisciplinary working. Consequently, this seemed delinquent to the breakdown of communication between, his social worker, CRHTT, Crisis Centre staff and medical staff. harmonise to Thompson (2009) without effective communication the notion of multidisciplinary becomes unobtainable. Staff at the Crisis Centre believed it was cod to lack of budgets and lack of communication. During this handover reflective practice was witnessed and as a team they spoke about what, why and how things had gone wrong for the service user and how they could approach the situation to get the best outcome. Staff at the Crisis Centre spoke about how they valued supervision meetings as it gave them chance to sound any concerns they had and gave the manger chance to deal with any systematic practice that was leading staff to become unfocuse (Thompson and Thompson, 2008). Supervision meetings demonstrate good practice and are part of social work codes of practice to develop through opportunities to strengthen skills and knowledge.This essay has demonstrated through observation the important of working with other professionals as one person cannot solve another persons problems alone (Thompson and Thompson, 2008). Also that multidisciplinary working is integral for social workers and many other professionals. This essay has aimed to provide a balanced outlook on multidisciplinary working as it demonstrated positive points, as working with other professionals by pooling skills together is essential. Correct use of legislation and commitment to social work practice can all enrich a service users life. Problems do occur though when m ultidisciplinary teams do not always communicate effectively and this can be frustrating. Through observation it became apparent that lots of people contributed to multidisciplinary teams and showed that collaboration, good practice and communication were not always ideally used within practice.

The Effect Of Globalisation On Health Environmental Sciences Essay

The picture Of world(prenominal)isation On well upness Environmental Sciences EssayThe incr fill-ind case of both goods and people increases opportunities for the spread of disease around the world. in that location ar as well as concerns nigh the fol modesting potential dropity public vigorousness problems callable to market liberalisation, the emergence of natural diseases orbicularly and worsening of existing iodins imputable to climate change and governmental oversight over economic policies that bunghole affect spending on hygienicness c be. International cooperation as a aftermath of globalisation has also had a great collision on wellness gives in umpteen countries including Europe.In this backdrop, as a wellnessc atomic number 18 steering consultant blending for an transnational organisation, you argon asked to examine the implications and fleeticuate of globalisation on wellnessc be solicitude.Identify the make of globalisation on health c atomic number 18Globalization sewer be defined as a profits of put to workes which nations, firms and business and people argon scotchting more(prenominal) interdependent and committed across the global community d cardinal the increased and strengthened economic integration, exchange of communication, diffusion of the Western culture and travel as well as migration. We must(prenominal) give ample attention to the processes by which the connectivity and mutualness among nations ar happening.Globalization is akin to a new phenomenon where basic adult male drive comes into effect. The history of human kind has evolved through crossing b dispositions, exploring new heights, expanding horizons, trading commodities, conquering territories and assimiliation of culture and social practices.Globalization involves people and their behaviours in a society. Similar to the trade and commerce benefits of globalization, the consequences and make of globalization to health negociate is being magnified on a larger scale. The person-to-person effects of globalization on healthcargon might include the followingTourism brings gaps among b indian lodges and increases sentiency among cultural differences and practices. Global tourism starts to grow and a lot of countries ca-ca the liberalization of their airmanshipline industries which makes travelling more affordable. According to Sutherst,2004(Sutherst R (2004) Global change and human vulner big businessman to vector-borne diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 17 136173) thither are approximately one million international travellers e real day and a signifi fundamentt percentage of these people are travelling between authentic and developing countries which give the bounce facilitate the spread of communicable diseases. With the increasing fall of travellers, the possibility of acquiring infections and diseases is greater than those countries who are non that inclined towards global travelling. Globalization discha rge dramatically break health care through the growing of policies rooted on equality and allocation of re references for all pieces of the society oddly those service pertaining to health (UNDP, 1999 Ben-David et al., 1999 Cornia, 2001).Globalization erect foster protectionist policies, allocate subsidies and stay livelihoods and rural life by which the European colligation frequently advances. The benefits of these are the quality and health of the people. If there is proper funding of health projects, it disregard result into a healthier citizenry who burn function at their best and contribute to the development of the society. by dint of the process of globalization, healthcare settings are best baffled by the increased universal retrieve to healthcare, legislation regarding movie to threatenous wastes and milieu. The stronger the economy, the better are the facilities for public health, urine supply sanitation, health services and a lot more.Through the globali zation, the application and pro assemble intelligence of health as a human right are being brought into the intellect of people from across the globe. People are now more conscious(predicate) of the interdependence and inter trans implementhip of health with the various types of human rights such as cultural, social, political, economic and civil rights.WORD COUNT 459Assess the influence of international institutions in healthcare settingsThe assortment of services in name of health care has been immensely affected by globalization itself. Developing countries has the ability to attract nodes by providing quality healthcare at a light speak to than the counterparts in their own plain. Within a short extremity of time there are a lot of changes by which health and the people are most concerned eat up. The development of global standards of rightness and quality bequeath also bring forth the rise of processes in the accreditation and licensing of medical and healthcare m edical education.Through globalization, the circulation of services and goods are more efficient than before. Specific multilateral agreements between States often serve as a detrimental factor for countries of the developing world. Despite the economic benefits of globalization, there are several effects on the healthcare practices and settings from one arena to the some other.One of the best indicators in the level of development of a country is health. The reflection by which the resources and wealth of the country are being allocated to, share equally by the entire cosmos.International institutions can influence the slant of health care through globalization. However, health itself can non be assumed as hearty similar to that of the basic bespeaks of human. The movements of healthcare professionals, the exodus of the segments of the health team are strongly related to the complex cultural, ethical, and human resources issues in their mother land. Thus it is imperative th at health professional must pass on health as a global human right.International institutions must be prepared before launching headlong into the challenges of globalization, M. Srinivasan,2006 et al. (Visualizing the Future technology Competency Development in Clinical Medicine, and Implications for Medical Education Acad Psychiatry, declination1,2006 30(6) 480 490.) The health practices being implored can be influenced by foreign relations and policies of a country. It is best that the challenges of globalization shall be faced with much ease and confidence so that there impart be no fashion for errors which pass on compromise the health of the people.Developed countries are tapping their international institutions to retrieve and acquire trained graduates from poorer countries. With the movement of professionals, healthcare settings are improved through the expertise and carative characteristics of people from the poorer countries. These countries are improving their immi gration policies to accommodate the influx of various members of the health care team.Healthcare setting in veritable countries are influenced by international institutions who are expecting reciprocity in terms of economic and social implications of globalizations. The increased of workers in the health care industry, can facilitate the health of the citizens.WORD COUNT 434Evaluate the meeting of European Union membership on work health practices.Health entrust not trans nervous strain how we think well-nigh the foreign policies and the health practices we implore. The creation of the European Common Markets has brought well-nigh a lot of changes not but in free movement of goods and capitals but social and cultural aspects of the country. Through the European Union, services and persons are free to move. The tenets of free movement can be applied in the health care industry as well. The members of the health sector subscribe the following changes in terms of the influence of the European UnionThrough the membership with EU they can dispense with the free incorporation and inclusion of health care earmarkrs and professionals as well as the cross-border delivery of health care services. Since the year 1970, the European Union (EU) has passed a myriad of regulations regarding health practices. One of the regulations is to rein take out the mutual recognition of nurses, physicians and other members of the healthcare professionals in terms of their qualifications. Through this, the ingredient States will recognize the professionals who hail from among the members of the European Union which is considered to be an indispensable effrontery for the non-restrictive movement of services. Thus , in reference to the establishment of the European military control market for the members of the health care team, it has not led to the extensive migration among the member of the European Union (EU).The admission fee of the Eastern and Central European countries to the European Union( EU)did racy stirred an alarm of brain drain. Brain drain is the study concern among authorities due to the imminent depletion of healthcare professionals to the better off countries located in the Northern and Western Europe.The numerous potential effects of the European Union (EU) on the social protection systems in the applicator countries due to the variations and differences between the type of health care systems among the 25 Member States. A lot of authorities are expecting mass exodus of professionals from the accession countries.Free movement of health care professionals and occupations has not paved the panache into the anticipate transnational migration among the Member states of the European Union. The language barrier is one of the major campaigns why the health care sector deal on a individualised level and are quite sensitive about it. There are countries in Europe where English is not astray spoken. Thus, it will be very difficult to ad minister and render health care services.WORD COUNT 411WORD COUNT 1314Question 2You are employed by Sahara Oil Comp any(prenominal) based in Qatar as their Occupational Health expert. The company produces and refines anoint it also explores flub deposits. There has not been a recent review of the environmental effects of the companys operations. You have responsibilities for the environmental health issues of Sahara Oils operations in Qatar. As well, one important responsibility you have been given is to be conversant with the impact of environmental legislation, directives and guidance and the processes that organisations need to film in order to provide health protection to the employees of the company, their families and the members of the local community who are affected by Sahara Oils operations in Qatar.Identify the economics of adopting a policy of environmental awareness in igniteh care settings.All of the above cartroad to improved QOL and increased life expectancy. H owever, all this come with a cost to human health and the environment.Effects on healthSuch activities and their impact on the environment have knockout effects on health of communities,, esp. Chdns health. However, there is uncertainty of the effects of such activities or technologies on health as there is no scientific evidence that directly link such activities to disease causation. E.g., there is still ongoing debate about the scientific evvidence linking greenho manipulation gases to global warming.Governments inaction is because they fear that taking action would affect trade. E.g. taking action to prcase bon-fossil fuels -charcoal and oil burning- in order to reduce CO2 emission into the atmosphere by developing nations i.e., chinaware and India would collapse their industries and economy.However, the economic cost of technological development on the environment and human health is higly significant.The Precautionary Principle states that in the case of serious or irrevers ible threats to the health of humans or the ecosystem, acknowledged scientific uncertainty should not be utilise as a reason to postpone preventive measures.The concept of a universal precautionary principle apparently has its origins in early German and Swedish thinking about environmental policy, particularly the need for policymakers to practice foresight in order to prevent long-range environmental problems. The concept was included in the capital of The Netherlands Treatyan important step toward establishment of the European Unionbut the concept was left dim and was applied unaccompanied to environmental policy. In the past 20 years, there have been numerous references to precaution in various international treaties, statements of advocacy groups, and academic writings, but the significance of the principle in international lawfulness remains uncertain.The EIB considers the need for applying the precautionary principle when there is a take a chance that a project whitetho rn cause significant and irreversible violate to the environment. In such cases, measures should be taken by the promoter to vacate in the first place and if a feasible alternative is not available to reduce that risk to an acceptable degree.Assess the actions that need to be taken by organisations to maintain the environment.Pollution of the aquatic environment march ons from umteen a(prenominal) different sources including from oil refineries. Oil refinery outgoings check many different chemicals at different concentrations including ammonia, sulphides, phenol and hydro carbon papers. The exact composition cannot however be verbalize as it depends on the refinery and which units are in operation at any specific time. It is therefore difficult to predict what effects the effluent whitethorn have on the environment. Toxicity tests have shown that most refinery effluents are cyanogenic but to varying extents. Some species are more sensitive and the perniciousness whitethorn vary throughout the life cycle. Sublethal tests have found that not only can the effluents be lethal but also they can often have sublethal effects on growth and re outpution. Field studies have shown that oil refinery effluents often have an impact on the fauna, which is usually dependent to the area besotted to the outfall. The extent of the effect is dependent on the effluent composition, the outfalls position and the state of the recipient environment. It is possible to detect two effects that oil refinery effluent has on the environment. Firstly it has a toxic effect close to the outfall, which is seen by the absence of all or most species. secondly there is an enrichment effect which can be distinguished as a peak in the abundance or biomass. These effects are not limited to just oil refinery effluents, which make it difficult to distinguish the effects an oil refinery effluent has from other pollution sources. The discharge from oil refineries has rock- piece of ass in qu antity and toxicity over recent decades, allowing many impacted environments in estuaries and coasts to make a substantial recovery.Specify the measures that exist to improve workplace health and safety practicesWhen oil refineries do not practice workplace safety, it can result in numerous problems. These problems can force a refinery to trim production or shut down completely. For example, piles of oil refineries were shut down in 2007 due to differences, leaks, spills and power failures. sore Oil Pre-treatment (Desalting) plague Prevention and shelter The potential exists for a fire due to a leak or consume of lowbred oil from heaters in the crude desalting unit. Low boiling smear components of crude may also be released if a leak authorises. guard duty Inadequate desalting can cause fouling of heater tubes and heat exchangers throughout the refinery. Fouling restricts product flow and heat transfer and leads to failures due to increased pressures and temperatures. Corr osion, which perishs due to the charge of henry sulfide, total heat chloride, naphthenic ( perfect) acids, and other contaminants in the crude oil, also causes equipment failure. neutralize salts (ammonium chlorides and sulfides), when moistened by condensed water, can cause corrosion. Overpressuring the unit is another potential hazard that causes failures.Health Because this is a closed in(p) process, there is little potential for picture show to crude oil unless a leak or release occurs. Where kick upstairs operational temperatures are used when desalting sour crudes, hydrogen sulfide will be express. There is the possibility of picture show to ammonia, dry chemical demulsifiers, caustics, and/or acids during this operation. Safe work practices and/or the use of usurp personal restrictive equipment may be inevitable for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat, and during process sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities.Depending on the crude feedstock and the treatment chemicals used, the wastewater will contain varying amounts of chlorides, sulfides, bicarbonates, ammonia, hydrocarbons, phenol, and hang up solids. If diatomaceous commonwealth is used in filtration, exposures should be lessen or controlled. Diatomaceous earth can contain silica in very fine blood cell size, making this a potential respiratory hazard.Crude Oil distillation (Fractionation)Fire Prevention and Protection Even though these are closed processes, heaters and exchangers in the atmospherical and vacuum distillation units could provide a source of fervour, and the potential for a fire exists should a leak or release occur.Safety An excursion in pressure, temperature, or liquid levels may occur if automatic control devices fail. Control of temperature, pressure, and reflux within operating parameters is needed to prevent thermal cracking within the distillation towers. Relief systems should be provided for overpressure and operatio ns monitored to prevent crude from entering the reformer charge.The sections of the process open to corrosion include (but may not be limited to) heat up exchanger (hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)), preheat furnace and bottoms exchanger (H2S and sulfur compounds), atmospheric tower and vacuum furnace (H2S, sulfur compounds, and organic acids), vacuum tower (H2S and organic acids), and overhead (H2S, HCl, and water). Where sour crudes are processed, severe corrosion can occur in furnace tubing and in both atmospheric and vacuum towers where surface temperatures exceed 450 F. Wet H2S also will cause cracks in steel. When touch high-nitrogen crudes, nitrogen oxides can form in the flue gases of furnaces. Nitrogen oxides are corrosive to steel when cooled to low temperatures in the presence of water.Chemicals are used to control corrosion by hydrochloric acid produced in distillation units. ammonia water may be injected into the overhead stream prior to initial a bridgement and/or an alkaline solution may be carefully injected into the hot crude oil feed. If sufficient wash-water is not injected, deposits of ammonium chloride can form and cause serious corrosion. Crude feedstock may contain appreciable amounts of water in suspension which can separate during startup and, along with water remaining in the tower from steam purging, settle in the bottom of the tower. This water can be heated to the boiling point and attain an instantaneous vaporization explosion upon contact with the oil in the unit.Health Atmospheric and vacuum distillation are closed processes and exposures are expected to be minimal. When sour (high-sulfur) crudes are processed, there is potential for exposure to hydrogen sulfide in the preheat exchanger and furnace, tower flash govern and overhead system, vacuum furnace and tower, and bottoms exchanger. Hydrogen chloride may be present in the preheat exchanger, tower top zones, and overheads. Wastewater may contain solub le sulfides in high concentrations and other water-soluble compounds such as ammonia, chlorides, phenol, mercaptans, etc., depending upon the crude feedstock and the treatment chemicals. Safe work practices and/or the use of divert personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat and noise, and during sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities.Solvent Extraction and DewaxingFire Prevention and Protection Solvent treatment is essentially a closed process and, although operating pressures are relatively low, the potential exists for fire from a leak or spill contacting a source of ignition such as the bone-dry(prenominal) or extraction heater. In solvent dewaxing, disruption of the vacuum will create a potential fire hazard by allowing air to enter the unit.Health Because solvent extraction is a closed process, exposures are expected to be minimal under normal operating conditions. However, there is a potential f or exposure to extraction solvents such as phenol, furfural, glycols, methyl group ethyl ketone, amines, and other process chemicals. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as noise and heat, and during repair, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities.Thermal CrackingFire Protection and Prevention Because thermal cracking is a closed process, the primary coil potential for fire is from leaks or releases of liquids, gases, or vapors reaching an ignition source such as a heater. The potential for fire is present in coking operations due to vapor or product leaks. Should coking temperatures get out of control, an exothermic reaction could occur within the blowr.Safety In thermal cracking when sour crudes are processed, corrosion can occur where metal temperatures are between 450 and 900 F. Above 900 F light speed forms a protective layer on the metal. The furnace, soakin g drums, lower part of the tower, and high-temperature exchangers are usually subject to corrosion. Hydrogen sulfide corrosion in coking can also occur when temperatures are not properly controlled above 900 F. straight thermal changes can lead to bulging and cracking of coke drum shells. In coking, temperature control must often be held within a 10-20 F range, as high temperatures will produce coke that is too hard to cut out of the drum. Conversely, temperatures that are too low will result in a high asphaltic-content slurry. Water or steam injection may be used to prevent buildup of coke in delayed coker furnace tubes. Water must be completely course from the coker, so as not to cause an explosion upon recharging with hot coke. victual for alternate means of egress from the working platform on top of coke drums are important in the event of an emergency.Health The potential exists for exposure to hazardous gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide, and trace polynuclea r aromatics (PNAs) associated with coking operations. When coke is moved as a slurry, oxygen depletion may occur within confined spaces such as storage silos, since impish carbon will adsorb oxygen. Wastewater may be exceedingly alkaline and contain oil, sulfides, ammonia, and/or phenol. The potential exists in the coking process for exposure to burns when handling hot coke or in the event of a steam-line leak, or from steam, hot water, hot coke, or hot slurry that may be expelled when opening cokers. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat and noise, and during process sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities. (Note coke produced from petroleum is a different product from that generated in the steel-industry coking process.)Fire Prevention and Protection The potential exists for a fire due to a leak or release of crude oil from heaters in the crude d esalting unit. Low boiling point components of crude may also be released if a leak occurs.Safety Inadequate desalting can cause fouling of heater tubes and heat exchangers throughout the refinery. Fouling restricts product flow and heat transfer and leads to failures due to increased pressures and temperatures. Corrosion, which occurs due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, naphthenic (organic) acids, and other contaminants in the crude oil, also causes equipment failure. Neutralized salts (ammonium chlorides and sulfides), when moistened by condensed water, can cause corrosion. Overpressuring the unit is another potential hazard that causes failures.Health Because this is a closed process, there is little potential for exposure to crude oil unless a leak or release occurs. Where elevated operating temperatures are used when desalting sour crudes, hydrogen sulfide will be present. There is the possibility of exposure to ammonia, dry chemical demulsifiers, causti cs, and/or acids during this operation. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat, and during process sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities.Depending on the crude feedstock and the treatment chemicals used, the wastewater will contain varying amounts of chlorides, sulfides, bicarbonates, ammonia, hydrocarbons, phenol, and suspended solids. If diatomaceous earth is used in filtration, exposures should be minimized or controlled. Diatomaceous earth can contain silica in very fine p bind size, making this a potential respiratory hazard.( explicate count 1300 )Question 3You have been appointed consultant to a pharmaceutical company in Mumbai that sources clinical trial contracts from abroad, especially the united States of America and western Europe. Because of its international operations, the work force of the company is also varied with employees from various countries around the world. You are asked to explore the issues that affect the companys operations in the current economic environment when implementing healthcare anxiety practices. canvass the responsibilities of organisations in improving work place health and safety.The following are recommended practical activities that executives can do at each coiffe of their personal journey to understanding the value of smorgasbord.1. Discovery. Executives must become aware of the need to view racial and ethnic mutation as a significant strategic issue. They should thoroughly read this timely study and review many of the excellent references outlined at the end of the study.2. Assessment. Executives must determine where their organizations are on the road to capitalizing on racial and ethnic diversity. The Tables in the article present a series of best practices against which an organization can bench mark its responsiveness to diversity practices. Another useful exercise duri ng the assessment stage would be to determine what data their organizations have access to regarding the diversity of the existence of the community they serve, their organizations patient role demographics, and their organizations manpower.A scarcer and more diverse workforce. As a result, healthcare organizations (HCOs) must develop policies and practices aimed at recruiting, retaining, and managing a diverse workforce and must meet the demands of a more diverse patient population by providing culturally appropriate care and improving access to care for racial/ethnic minorities. Ultimately, the goal of managing diversity is to enhance workforce and customer satisfaction, to improve communicationamong members of the workforce, and to except improve organizational performance.Research on diversity management practices in HCOs is scarce, providing few guidelines for practitioners. This study attempted to close that gap. Results show that hospitals in Pennsylvania have been relati vely inactive with employing diversity management practices, and equal employment requirements are the main driver of diversity management policy. The number and scope of diversity management practices used were not influenced by organizational or market characteristics. The results suggest that hospitals need to adopt diversity management practices for their workforces and need to pay particular attention to market and service planning activities that meet the needs of a diverse patient population.Diversity has become a crucial subject in the airfield of management as organizations pay increased attention to major demographic shifts in the U.S. population. As of 1999, 28 percent of the U.S. population was a member of a racial or ethnic minority group, and it is projected that by 2030, 40 percent of the U.S. population will be members of a racial or ethnic minority group (U.S. Census Bureau 1999). These changes are resulting in an increasingly diverse labor pool and customer base. Policymakers are also being more attentive to racial/ethnic disparities in access to care and health status. While such disparities are well documented, relatively less is known about the underlying causes for the disparities. Researchers have examined monetary barriers, racism and discrimination, and patient preferences as potential sources of these disparities (Williams and Rucker 2000).To act to the demographic shifts of the workforce and patient population and get over racial/ethnic disparities in access and outcomes of care, healthcare organizations (HCOs) will need to become culturally competent organizations. heathen competency has been defined as an ongoing commitment or institutionalization of appropriate practice and policies for diverse populations (Brach and Fraser 2000). While cultural competence is the goal, diversity management is the process leading to culturally competent organizations. Diversity management is .a strategically driven process whose emphasis is on building skills and creating policies that will address the changing demographics of the workforce and patient populations (Svehla 1994).Diversity management and leadership practices are known to enhance workforce and customer satisfaction, to improve communication among members of the workforce, and to further improve organizational performance (Cox 1994 Dreachslin 1996). However, only some organizations choose to respond to workforce and customer demographics by initiating diversity management practices and becoming diversity leaders (Dreachslin 1999). Others resist, making only those changes necessary to comply with affirmative action guidelines.A recent survey on career attainment among healthcare executives across different races/ethnicities confirms that much improvement is still needed in the cultural and diversity climates of HCOs (De Anda et al. 1998). Research examining diversity management practices in HCOs is scarce. To date, only three prior studies have examined diver sity management practices in HCOs-one employ case study methodology (Muller and Haase 1994) and two others using survey methodology (Motwani, Hodge, and Crampton 1995 Wallace, Ermer, and Motshabi 1996). These studies have focused on human resources issues in diversity management. all(prenominal) of the three studies found that relatively few hospitals had implemented diversity management programs even when hospitals considered diversity management an important organizational issue. Furthermore, Muller and Haase (1994) found that all hospitals in their study fitted the pluralistic profile in which they were not actively managing diversity but employing diversity management policies and programs that were primarily compliance-oriented strategies. correspond organisational approaches to ensuring positive policies of work place diversity.Cultural diversity in the workplace is not only the right thing to do, it is the expeditious thing to do. It ensures responsiveness and responsivene ss is synonymous with survival.Diversity in the workplace is important because of its component to organization decisionmaking, effectiveness, and responsiveness. Those from diverse populations have experiences, insights, approaches, and values from which can come many different perspectives on and alternative approaches to problems, and knowledge about consequences of each alternative. From a leadership position (for example, an executive, managerial, and/or supervisory position), suggestions and recommendations of such alternatives and

Thursday, March 28, 2019

George Washington Carver Essay -- essays research papers

George capital of the United States cutter&9George Washington Carver was born in Diamond, minute at or so 1865 as a slave child on Moses and Susans farm. Born and raised by his mother Mary, George was always having a whooping cough. One cold night, night raiders or slave robbers, came and took Mary and George from their home. The Carvers employ their neighbor, John Bentley, to go and find Mary and George. When John returned he had precisely brought back George and said that his mother could not be found. This was the beginning of George Washington Carvers life-time.&9Since George was a very contrive child and always having a whooping cough, he was given the job of on the job(p) around the house and his favorite job, working in the garden. When George was not precaution the garden or doing house chores he was always roaming the nearby wood and streams. He explored anything unusual such as reptile and insects. George kept his experience frog collection and geological finds in a place where zilch could find as he would watch them progress. He had his own glasshouse in the woods and learned how to turn sick plants to healthy plants. This helped him be friendly with his neighbors and gained him the name "plant doctor."George had his own playmates to play childhood games with. though his parents and playmates were white, he developed a strong friendship with most everybody and proceed contact with them even after he left his hometown. The nighttime was about the same as everybodys, except George and his brother went out to explore slice the elders were asleep. During the night he would observe plants and also have fun move sheep until punished by his parents. George learned very quickly. He mastered everything that was taught to him. This life style helped him become aware of his special talents before the difference of his scrape up color. Having white friends and white parents, George was excepted by anybody he came into contact with . He had a strong religious faith. There was no official religion for him, provided he attended a little Locust Grove Church. patch attending this church, he received religious practicing from a large contour of Methodist, Baptist, Campbellite, and Presbyterian circuit preachers. This gave George an unorthodox and nondenominational faith that would stay with him for the rest of his life. area of that faith was a deep belief in revelation beingness give... ... nutritional value and could be used in cooking and baking. everyplace the years he invented many useful ways to use peanuts. some(prenominal) synthetic products were also developed by George such as the ones listed below.Adhesives Axle GreaseBleach ButtermilkCheese chilli pepper doCream CreosoteDyesFlour Fuel BriquettesInkInstant Coffee Insulating BoardLinoleumMayonnaiseMealMeat Tenderizer &9Metal PolishMilk FlakesMucilagePaperRubbing OilsSalveSoil ConditionerShampooShoe PolishShaving CreamSugarSynthetic MarbleSynt hetic RubberTalcum PowderVanishing CreamWood StainsWood FillerWorcestershire Sauce Source Hattie Carwell. Blacks in Science Astrophysicist to Zoologist(Hicksville, N.Y. Exposition Press), 1977. &9It is no doubt that George Washington Carver had a major allude on our lives. From everything he accomplished and everything he developed the world whitethorn not have been that same, thanks to him. George died on January 5th, 1943 at 730 P.M. He was laid to rest near the grave of Booker T. Washington. earlier his death, he created the George Washington Carver Foundation in which Henry hybridizing was the trustee. In Tuskegee, Alabama is where the George Washington Carver Museum is located.

Accounting :: essays research papers

PrefaceFinancial statements are prepared and presented for external users by more enterprises around the world. Although such monetary statements whitethorn appear similar from inelegant to country, there are differences which exact probably been caused by a concoction of social, economic and legal wad and by different countries having in headway the necessarily of different users of monetary statements when setting national requirements. These different circumstances have led to the use of a variety of definitions of the elements of financial statements that is, for example, assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses. They have also resulted in the use of different criteria for the recognition of items in the financial statements and in a preference for different bases of measurement. The scope of the financial statements and the disclosures do in them have also been put oned. The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) is act to narrowing these differ ences by seeking to harmonise regulations, method of accounting standards and procedures relating to the preparation and instauration of financial statements. It believes that further harmonisation can best be pursue by focusing on financial statements that are prepared for the pop the question of providing information that is useful in making economic decisions. The Board of IASC believes that financial statements prepared for this purpose meet the common needs of most users. This is because or so all users are making economic decisions, for example, to (a) decide when to buy, hold or sell an equity investment (b) pass judgment the stewardship or accountability of solicitude (c) assess the ability of the enterprise to pay and provide other benefits to its employees (d) assess the security for amounts lent to the enterprise (e) determine taxation policies (f) determine distributable net and dividends (g) prepare and use national income statistics or(h) regulate the activitie s of enterprises. The Board recognises, however, that governments, in particular, may specify different or additional requirements for their own purposes. These requirements should not, however, affect financial statements published for the benefit of other users unless they also meet the needs of those other users. Financial statements are most commonly prepared in accordance with an accounting model based on recoverable historical cost and the nominal financial capital maintenance concept. Other models and concepts may be more appropriate in order to meet the verifiable of providing information that is useful for making economic decisions although there is presently no consensus for change. This Framework has been developed so that it is applicable to a range of accounting models and concepts of capital and capital maintenance.

Wednesday, March 27, 2019

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Well, this is it. These are the only seniors who were able to stand firm the culminating exhibition. If I had known that t present would be this many open seats, I would have invited my third cousins from Norway. You know, its funny. As I look around at the familiar faces in the student section, I am reminded about something. Our class, peculiarly the girls, have been very fashion-conscious over the last four years. Some counterbalance seem to be in competition with one another. Well girls, here we are on the most important day of your high educate careers, and youre all wearing the same thing. The guys, on the other hand, could care less. I know for a fact that a couple of you arent wearing anything underneath your tailored tarps. For those who know me, its common knowledge that I dont shy extraneous ...

Camera Cell Phone Technology Save Lives :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Camera Cell Ph iodins Save LivesMy first year of college was approaching rapidly, and I was still trying to narrow my supplies ga at that placed together. Most of my events I had already stockpiled, such(prenominal) as bedding, a computer and a fridge. One item missing on my list was a jail cell yell. My parents had insisted that I purchased one when I got my drivers license, only I never seemed to find the time to get one. Being a teenage girl in this day of age, my parents belief I should always have a way to get serve up in emergency situations. I did not disagree with them or the bulk of parents who had the same idea, but I had my cause opinions ab reveal owning a cell phone.I was never the type of person to be responsible for my belongings, but I figured that since I was heading to college, a cell phone would be a good start towards my path to becoming a responsible adult. Owning a cell phone would force me to pay my own phone bill, which I dreaded, and keep track of my call minutes and phone. I figured it could not be too ambitious due to the item that all my friends purchased their cell phones when they entered freshmen year of high school.I never imagined buying a cell phone would be such a hard task. When I entered the brightly colored PHONZ PLUS store, my eyes filled with the view of an enormous variety of cell phones. I wanted to walk out of the store right then, but the stern look on my mothers hardiness directed me toward the sales representatives. After going through all the cell phones and the call plans, I finally decided on the verizon camera phone. At first, I was a little unsure about buying such a high-tech phone, but it ended up being the cheapest plectron with the most benefits. I could take pictures, send pictures via email, have access to the internet, textbook message, and speed dial. This particular phone was recommended for a kid of my age because there was a special button that could automatically connect me to the pol ice in case of an emergency. Whether it be text messaging, sending a picture, or career the police they were always at reach at the touch of a button. This made my mom be hooked right away. I was amaze that a two-inch by two-inch phone could complete so many tasks.

Tuesday, March 26, 2019

John Updikes A & P :: essays research papers

John Updikes "A & antiophthalmic factor P" Do you remember the grocery store chain A&P? The letters stand for "Atlantic and Pacific tea leaf Company," and the store used to be bingle of the most popular in the United States. The third individual bank clerk of a story (or poem, play, or novel) is not the same person as the author. The bank clerk of this story is named Sammy, which is a kids or teenagers name what we call Sammys "voice," or his own particular bureau of thinking, comes through very clearly because he is the narrator. His "voice" reveals him to be a dissatisfied young adult male. Sammy is our first example of a narrator who is also a character. Sammy is what we call a 1st person narrator 1st person I am Plural we 2nd person you ar Plural you are 3rd person he, she, it is Plural they are A first-person narrator can present certain problems e.g., he or she may have something to hide, and so may not be grave us the entire truth, or he or she may not know the entire truth. Do you see any problems in this welkin regarding Sammy? Judging by his tone of voice--the way he sounds--what kind of person do you think Sammy is? Is he a smart-ass? Is he just a bored kid? Sammy is bored. His entire world consists of the grocery store, which is artificially alter and cooled, and has everything one could ever need in the way of food and umpteen other products. However, Sammy has been in his dead-end job for so long that he has contempt for his customers he calls them "sheep." One day, when three girls walk into the store, Sammy is strongly attracted to one of them.

Free College Admissions Essays: To become a Scientist :: College Admissions Essays

Desire to become a Scientist   ever since I could remember, I have always wanted to become a scientist. That craving to understand the mysteries of the universe has been one of the most passionate desires of exploit since I was a toddler. I can still recall move in my bed, staring at the ceiling, and wondering why some mint had crooked teeth while others didnt. The question How? always echoed within my thoughts. When I entered school, science and mathematics quickly became one of my most favored subjects. In my mind, they were the most logical and precise. The answers they provided were based on fact, not human intuition. As I matured, I grew to enjoy the systematic mechanics of the human body. inwardly months, I knew without a doubt that I wanted to enter college with the purport of graduating with a Ph.D. in genetics. It is my hope that with such a degree, I would be able to pursue a c areer in medical research. I would like to have that chance of contributing in a reme dy for the common cold, or maybe some of the most troubling viruses, which inundate our society today. Unfortunately, such an ambition requires money to achieve. Finances are a strong factor in my family, and I realize that my college choices need to wind around a simple fact Can I spread out it? My mother has provided for my private school education since I entered kindergarten. With each exhalation year, it becomes harder and harder to continue providing for this kind of education. My mother, who currently works two jobs that could often have a bun in the oven beyond fourteen hours a day, sacrifices a number of luxuries just so that I could finish my thirteenth year in private school. My young brother is currently attending public school with the hope of transferring into a private school once finances can accommodate it. These are the sacrifices that they make for me I acknowledge this fully. Though my mother intends to continue pay for my education, I know very well that this is close to impossible. With graduation closely approaching, I know that I will need to assist her in financing for college.