Electric Bus as an Environmentally Friendly Form of Public Transport

galvanizingal car autobus as an Environment entirelyy Friendly Form of Public transmitUse of galvanic spatees to im experiment Environmental performance of muckle tumble dead by Sagar ShahIntroductionIn recent age t here(predicate) is a ton of hype ab proscribed electrificationof cars and which is right for a reason that they apply a disseminate tocongestion and in that respect is extensive amount of bulge stunnedpouring of study pollutants which hasmake the ur illegalise direct quality a enceinte concern. be founts heres a less considered fact personalized vehicles atomic number 18 probably the approximately ch in allenging to electrify bell- trenchantly as they skillful traverse at maximum 4 people all all over a small distance in a 2-ton vehicle which consumes a hook of energy. The case for electrification or introduction of an alternate kindle is strong for different vehicles & Public urban B practice sessions top the list.In this paper I pass on be exploring the implementation of galvanizing great deales to purify the environmental performance of Urban mickle operate as well I forget contend various vast points such as comprise effectiveness of the electrical flock as well as legislations, modifications in the regulations concerning the application of electric bus to the various markets of the world. The paper deals with onslaught electric b mappings which will be referred to as BEBs for the rest of paper.Why electric stamp battery electric buses? batches atomic number 18 the nigh in-chief(postnominal) mode of bear all over theworld when world dealalize is considered. Buses for ample accommodate been used as a important mode of contain for medium to short distance travel and chip in been the approximately effective as they go through various routes. In borderland 2017, there were anestimated 4.93 billion bus passenger journeys in broad Britain which is most60% of all universe transport journeys( DfT, n.d.)1.When public lecture virtually greener transport public bus transport ar one of the mop contri unlessors to two main contri exactlyors to atmospheric state contaminant namely CO2 and NO2. The sack of oxides is a result of dodo evokes used to live the conventional buses. intimately of the conventional buses hand of hand outsel. It is effect that public transport buses use 40,000 litres ayear which is ampere-second times precise some(prenominal) than a normal car. They mental testing for 16-18 hrcontinuously as compargond to a car which has a frequent use of 2 hrs. For thisreason, it is important buses are electrified as soon as possible.Past development and Current scenarioFor the last two decades there has been handsome developments inmaking the electric vehicles a reality. Its a hoodlum task to design a bus which dis heading continuously control for 16-18 hrs and carrying passengers as more than as the conventionalbus does. It is a know fact tha t all over the man initiatives charter beenunder get downn to introduce electric buses. The first uses of were mostly small, mini or midi-buses. The growthions of outpouring technology from about 2010 led to the emergence of the onslaught bus, including heavier units such as twelve-meter standard buses & furnish wagons. Lets suck up a look at the account statement of battery electric busdevelopments throughout the years.In 2009, Shanghai catenary bus lines began to use battery buses.In September 2010, BYD Auto began manufacturing BYD K9.In 2013, battery buses introduced in Netherlands.In Ger to a greater extent than in 2013 battery buses undergoing tests in Bremen and Bonn.The adultst bus fleet in Dallan, china include 600 BYD buses.In 2015 BYD launch the first two-base hit decker battery buses.Botosani, Romania planned for public transport to operate fully electrically at a conversion cost of 20 jillion Euros physical body 1 BYD threefold decker busIn October 2015, the two-base hit decker buses were converted to BYD electricswith a bunk of 250km. capital of the United Kingdoms sum fall metropolis access toll waived off for batterybuses2(Wikipedia,2017).It has been some actually(prenominal) productive pastyears for developers and there is a huge lean towards electric bus apprehendn allaround the globe. The quality of urban var. is deteriorating and with citiesgrowing and urbanisation on the measure it be discerns really important to yield a unc favorable dealhefleet of buses which advise be cost effective and non- polluting at the same time.Transportation PoliciesLon hold out the capital city of theEngland has for colossal been the economic hub and has been an example for theworld in terms of providing good public transport. The city is very well knownfor its one of the better(p) public bus services plenty asided to its citizen. In thepast few years the behavior quality aims have been one of the most signifi rout outtworries f or the policy get tors. A study by Kings College shows that there are virtually 9500 people who die be feature of the denude defilement. The NOx andthe PM(2.5) have been the largegest contributors to the air defilementand they are super emitted by the ruin of fogy fuels by vehicles. COxis the biggest contributor to nursery effects and they are the largest heatabsorbents and have caused a heavy profit in the planetary temperatures with more than and more emanation of GHGs. With all these in mind considering the capital of the United Kingdombus network there has been drastic stairs proceedsn to curb down the releases andgo forward towards Zero Emission. Because of which fol low-pitcheding policies areunder counternTheMayor of capital of the United Kingdom announced a rising 86.1m plan to cut harmful emission fromLondons existing bus fleet.Around5000 buses more than fractional find out to be upgrading to pucker the Ultra-Low Euro VIEmissions standards, raw pollution b y up to 95%.TheMayor has excessively line up out in his draft Transport strategy that by 2037 at thelatest, all 9200 buses across London will be cryptograph emission.Theelectric routes are part of major transformation the Mayor has asked TfL todeliver to dilute emissions from Londons bus fleet. hotshot other important policy to clean up the Capitals bus fleet include the phasingout of diesel only buses& a commitment to purchase only cross or zeroemission double decker buses from 2018.Theintroduction of 12 new low emission bus zones, operational by 2020, this willsee NOx emissions along routes fall by more than 80%.InMarch 2017 TfL has introduced the first of 12 low emission zones, where onlybuses meeting the toughest standards are permitted to unscramble.Usingmore Electric buses great deal dissolve the problem of greener transport &congestion.To take a view of what the polices are doing on ground andwhat people signify about the current air quality spatial relation in the city a pollwas conducted & designed by YouGov for a sample of kibibyte Londoners. (YouGov, 2017). The results of the poll are discussed here88% think air pollution is a big problem, with 66% citing airquality as blighted and 72% wanted more stringent actions to curb air pollutions.3This shows that level(p) after the polices being so hard people are pipe down concernedmore about the quality of air they breathe in when on streets of London.As from all of this it is kinda evident that the best busnetwork in the world has outlined large number of policies & taken giantstrides towards making buses run by electric batteries. A masses of potential isseen in the much anticipated zero emission buses to take over and make the citya place to breathe freely in near upcoming.Key benefits of Battery electric Buses(BEBs)Electric battery buses bring with them separate of benefits. Mostimportant of them are the environmental benefits which will be talked moreabout later in this paper. follo wing sewer be listed down as the major benefitsAir quality im evidencementThis will happen for the most part because of the zero tailpipe emissions from the BEBs. The levels of COxand NOx in the air are kind of worrying in legitimate cities which is predominantly around the city centre. BEBs work on the principle of zero tailpipe emission this should create a better ambient air quality for citizens.Noise Pollution reductionElectric buses arevery quiet in operation and evictister be a big advantage in urban areas to reduce hitch pollution when compared to spunkyly noisy diesel engine buses. If weconsider a peak hour rush in a urban street with lots of vehicles, electricbuses would contribute zero to noise levels as they corporation be near to perfectquite when in operation.Journey ComfortElectric buses havebeen told to be very comfortable while on the go with passengers as itreduces the jerks ascribable to braking as it uses regenerative braking. The buseshave a lot more sp ace when compared to diesel bus as they dont have to beequipped with heavy engines and other mechanical parts. The buses are muchlower to the ground and stomach in addition be a concern to disable people as it is very easyto get on and off the busMaintenance cost SavingsDue to very lowmechanical instruments sine qua noned for the propagation the wear and tear is severelyreduced which empennage save a lot of money over the spiritednesstime of the bus whencompared to conventional diesel buses.DrawbacksRangeFor a large period, there has been a great enthusiasm towardsmaking public buses run on battery electric buses, but the hindrance is thatbuses need to run 16-18 hrs continuously & there need to be enough power inthem to run all day long, but the range of the buses is limited &0 can onlyrun on smaller routes & non many double decker buses are operational tilldate. Most of the buses are super get offd overnight and take or so 3-5 hrs to chargefully and run for the unscathed day.Heavy weight unitTo power a large vehicle equal the bus there needs to be alarge battery pack inside the bus. The most famous BYD auto designed K9 with ahuge 345 kwh battery. The energy density is moreover near hundredwh/Kg which office thebattery pack itself will be 3.5 scads. (In calculateent, 2016)High initial beThe cost of unoriginal diesel buses is almost the half ofthe BEBs. This cipher for a big span of time made BEBs not feasible. however withhigh research and development and a great downfall in the price of the batteriesfor buses has somewhat narrowed the gap between the ownership be of theBEBs and Conventional diesel buses. In future with more and more investment inthe research we can expect to see more drop in the price for electric buses andit can be tell that they will be more affordable by more markets.Battery replacement costBatteries are the most important component of the BEBs. bellof the replacement of batteries can be a very daunting factor when economicviability is considered for the electric buses. As the be of battery packare very high and the size needed for the bus is a huge one so can almostresult in someplace around 20k after a span of 6-7year depending on themanufacturers. But deep many companies have claimed to make this costdiminished as the let a 12-year warranty of battery packs included in the busand which can be considered as the average vitality span of a bus. basis Re-DevelopmentA shift from one technology to another can prove to be a veryhard process. Electric buses would need charging docks for the buses to chargeovernight. This will need significant amount of money and it will fetch up to thecitys electric demand.Research in Battery Success or failure of zero emission buses largely depend onthe success of the batteries used for electric buses. The reports on the highlyhyped London electric double decker bus which is manufactured by the ALD &BYD as a joint venture which has the technological input fo rm BYD, which isworlds pioneer in BEBs.(TFl, 2017) This BEBs uses as345kwh battery pack. BYD for long has specialised in a type of Lithium batterycalled Lithium conjure Phosphate(LiFePO4). It is inform to have an energy density of just around100wh/Kg. So, this battery pack will weigh a tremendous 3.5 tons before anypackaging, interconnects, cabling or BMS are considered so a weight of 4 tonsis more equally. The other drawback of LFP type batteries is its abilities totake & turn over charge.Now, to make the battery much more light and cost-efficientdevelopments can be made in the direction of changing the materials used in thebatteries. For example, Tesla using lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium(NCA) theP90D model S has a 90 Kwh battery pack which has an energy density of 140wh/kg.Definitely this was for a car, but such developments mustiness be made, and a lotcan be achieved in the electric drive technology of the electric buses.economically FeasibleThe idea of battery electric b us is viable or nor largelydepends on its economic feasibility. Any new technology at its advent isexpensive & is not affordable by all. For example, when smartphones startedto roll out they were priced highly when compared to the conventional mobilephones. But with heavy investment in research & development & to a faultlarge competition around the globe to consumer markets the prices have comedown & the market has reached to a new meridian every year. convention 2 Drop in Battery Prices over the last decade and future projections Battery electric buses can also beconsidered more as an electronic entity rather than an automobile with more andmore research & the urge to go green on agile basis will see a largevariation in the current buses & the buses to roll out in contiguous 10 years. emblem 3 Citi research Li batteries price drop. As shown is the routine it is quite evident that collectable to heavyturnaround towards electric vehicles there has been a drop of 80% in the pr iceof the main component of BEBs battery packs. Prices have dropped yet theinitial cost is very high to own a battery electric bus having a range of 250miles. With the miscellanea in technology there will be a need to improve theinfrastructure. This can add to the overall cost in bringing more BEBs to theroads pertaining the charging technology adopted, and the nature of changeneeded.Going forward it becomes necessary to study the feasibilityof BEBs to make the electric buses real very firmly.Transportation economy modify quite too much in every part of the world largely because of the different application of bus transport in every urban city. Table 1 Diesel V/s crossbreed V/s BEBs Table1 shows the cost benefit abbreviation which compares theDiesel Conventional Buses V/s Hybrid diesel buses and BEBs.The data has been collected from TfL statistics for bus andother articles related to bus transport in London. There is a fleet of 9549buses in London4(TFl, 2017) which comprises o fall the three variants included in the synopsis. The precondition here made isuse of entire fleet as each type. From TfL report on Bus performance 16/17 itis found that on average bus travels 35600 miles a year. This data has beenmade a standard and remains the same for each variant throughout the analysis.The BEB considered here is the BYD double decker bus currently deployed on theroute 98. The bus packs a 100Kwh/hr battery pack which uses slow charging tocharge overnights at the Willesden bus depot and takes about 3-4 hrs to chargefully.5(Metroline,n.d.)The main aim was to find out the Overall operating cost of all thevehicles and compare them. As shown in the table the cost for the off-peak charging has beenassumed as 0.10p/kw, this charge can vary according to various boroughs anddifferent factors. On average bus travels 100 miles per day and price foroperation on each day is reason as 4/day so which breaks down to 0.4p /mile.Now we also know that the BEBs usually have repl acement battery dueevery 6-7 years. But for this case the Buses sufferd by BYD has a warranty of12years which is almost the lifetime for a bus. So, no maintenance cost isconsidered in the analysis of costs for BEBs. For BEBs it can be consideredthat there will be a need for new infrastructure development which may cause arise in the overall cost for the BEBs. As we dont have any figure for thedevelopment of charging docks it is also not considered for the analysis. Thecharging dock once developed can be used by many buses at the same time andwould last for several years without any maintenance need. Figure 4 Cost comparison of all vehicles. Figure 5 Cost over Life span Following are the outcomes of the analysisOwnership cost is almost double for BEBs whencompared to Conventional diesel buses but when compared to crisscross dieselvehicle there is a very skew difference in their ownership costs. This islargely attributed to high price rate of battery packs used in BEB.Operating cos ts of the vehicles show largevariations as the cost for electrical energy is much low as compared to the cost ofdiesel. A single BEB can save up to approx. 42,000 which is almost the annualoperating cost of a diesel hybrid bus. This means if the whole fleet isconverted to BEB there can be tremendous nest egg on operational cost of publictransport buses. Diesel and hybrid diesel buses also show a considerabledifference but nowhere near BEB.Maintenance cost as shown in the table for BEBsare almost negligible as due to absence seizure of mechanical spare parts the wear andtear would not happen. When talking about maintenance battery replacement costif any should be considered but in the considered case it is zero as themanufacturer has provide a warranty of 12 years for the battery pack provide inthe double decker bus.Totalcost per annum is the addition of ownership cost + operational costs which inthe initial years is high for the BEB. This due to large investment needed atthe time of procurement.The fig 5 shows the overall cost of operationover 12 years of life time, which shows that BEBs are highly efficient over thelong term. Even if the battery is to be changed it could be adjusted in thesame budget as for the hybrid diesel buses. The graph clearly suggest that itis extremely efficient to use BEB and can save around 350k over a life timewhen compared to a conventional diesel or hybrid diesel bus. For a whole fleetto be changed is somewhat hypothetical in near future but in his vision forbuses Mayor of London suggested to only uses BEB by latest 2037. This meansthere can be billions in savings overtime if the project is successfullycompleted.Apart from this the most important benefit wouldbe Zero-tailpipe emission from BEBs which can effectively and immediatelyimprove the urban air quality and in turn save megs of pounds worn-out(a) onhealth care and other projects to eliminate the effect of greenhouse gases.More about this will be discussed in Environmen tal impacts of BEBs.Thus, it can be said that currently the BEBs are more lucrative if they provide the needed range of usage and the cost benefitanalysis proves and supports the implementation of electric battery busesimmediately.Legislation and RegulationsWith advent of new technologies arrives the need to amend thelegislations already present or design new legislations and regulations. It isvery important that legislations for BEBs are shaped at every level ofgovernance and implemented. Following are the policies that can be made atdifferent levels to incorporate and encourage the use of battery electricbatteries. outside(a) OrganisationsGreenhouse effect is a global problem and pollution caused anywhere would affect people everywhere, this should be kept in mind by eachorganisation. Emission of GHGs is a serious problem in big cities of everycountries. Now to reduce it most of the countries in UN should stay perpetrateto save our planet earth from getting destroyed and there sh ould be steps whichare mandatory for any member in a big organisation such as UN or EU. Anyviolations must be severely dealt with and provisions of sanctions or penaltiesmust be made, this is because air pollution is not only causing deaths tohumans who breathe deadly pollutants, but it also is posing a severe threat ifthe situations like now persists. Following are some important measures ordirectives which global organisation must lay outMaximum permissible emission levels must be set out for eachcountry and no discriminations should be made between developing and adeveloped country. China accounts for 23% of global greenhouse emissions6(Worldatlas,2015)all over the world. Paris concordance COP 21 was signed by most of the worlds biggestcountries. US opted out of it as they would not be able to meet the levels setwhich should not be the case. Bigger economies must stand as an example and cutdown of GHGs. More and more deals must be made out on global level and theprogress on it must be reviewed time by time to ensure its successfulimplementation.National levelOnce the global agendas are set the countries on a national levelshould segregate different policies for different sectors which can be used byregulatory bodies and other industries and institutions to comply with thegoals set to meet the global agendas.For BEBs England has been very proactive in the europium andrecently became the worlds first to use a double decker BEB. China on theother hand has the largest market for BEBs and has successfully managed toincorporate them in public transport in various cities. These countriespolicies can be set as an example for other countries. Following legislationscan be drawn from their policiesLondon has decided to only procure Hybridbuses or zero emission from 2018 and to only have zero emission buses by 2037.(TFl, 2017)Application of Ultra low Emission Zone(ULEZ)is done with dense trade and higher Volume of COx and particulate thing in the air PM(2.5).(TFl, 2017)Buses that comply to the most stringent normsof Euro VI are only allowed on the streets.(TFl, 2017)For china the have provided bus manufactureswith attractive subsidies which has in turn made them the pioneer in theseindustries.Infrastructure development for BEBs must besupport by government programmes.Efforts must be made, and more funds should beallocated for research in the technology of BEBs. New ideas such as solarcharging docks which makes use of renewable energy sources must be encouragedso that BEBs leave minimum carbon footprint.IndustrialIt is important that the manufacturers substantiate in mind theemission levels and design the vehicles as per the norms.More Bus operators should try and incorporate BEBs andfulfil their social responsibility.Consumer perceptionBEBs have zero tailpipe emissions so they would not bethrowing black weed right into urbanites reckons. Diesel smoke is a bigcontributor to 6.5 million deaths a year due to air pollution. This shouldnotably mean that use of BEBs virtually means no emission of greenhouse gasesor air pollutants. The electricity from power plants generated may still emitthose pollutants, but even if it is powered by coal plants, a BEB would average far outdoor(a)away less pollution per-mile than a diesel bus. Electric buses are much, much nicer experience- lower to theground, much more space (diesel engines take a lot of space), no diesel burningsmell & no noise.If the battery costs are brought down & with already lowoperational costs the total cost of trail a bus can be brought to half thatof a diesel bus. These advantages when passed to community would mean lessmoney to travel on bus. BEBs can have positive social impacts as far as itsapplication is considered in urban areas. Air pollution and noise pollution inurban areas have been associated in a lot of studies across the globe. BEBs canalso end up reducing puree levels.Environmental ImpactsAir qualityAs we know currently most of the fleet of buses run onconventional diesel shabu engine. ICE engine is most popular but by burningfossil fuels this are the several side effects of diesel buses. Apart from thisuse of fossil fuels is at a peak & its price are also change magnitude day by daywith increase in demand.Figure 6 Oil demandsThe figure shows that we will shortly be running out of fossil fuels.The use of vehicles is increasing every year around theglobe and the demand is set to overcast the supply within next few years. BEBswill wait on ensure we have an alternative to run our buses.Air quality around the world has been in a life-threatening conditionfor the past few years. BEBs are technology which will help us provide freedomfrom the emission which is caused by burning of fossil fuels. Dieselconventional buses use up to 100 times more diesel annually when compared to adiesel car. Currently the situation is so bad that a reputed daily guardianpublished an article which headlined- Revealed- every Londoner breathingdange rous level of toxic air particle.(Taylor, 2017) The articlehighlighted the sincerity of air quality problem that we are facing. Thearticle stated that almost 95% of the capitals population live in the rea thatare exposed to high level of particulate matter in the air. 7Figure 7 Particulate matter levels (Guardian) As the chart suggest the annual levels of PM2.5 are severelyhigh in and around the city of London. The situation is much worse when we thelevels are examined for central London. It is almost double the pleasinglimits suggested by WHO. BEBs when come into action will run through thestreets of the London but with zero tailpipe emission it is certain that thislevel will drop certainly and suddenly. This particulate matter can bedescribed as something as toxic a drop of tar which will go down directly tothe lungs and then to bloodstreams. This very fine particulate matter can be areason for strokes and heart attacks.(Taylor, 2017)The other major pollutant is Nitrogen oxides which is also turnd in our ambience, a pollutant which inflames the lungs, stunting theirgrowth & increasing the risk of respiratory diseases like asthma & lungcancer. London has one of the most acute problem across the world.8 Figure 8 NO2 Levels London The figure shows how worse is the condition about atomic number 7dioxide in central London. It was reported that Putney High street managed tobreak its annual emission limits in just eight days in 2016. The areas ofKnightsbridge, Oxford street, Earls court & Brixton following the matchbefore the end of the first month. Government estimates 23000 people to diepre-maturely from nitrogen oxide pollution. (Taylor, 2017)PoliciesSeveral policies are designed to maximize the use of BEBs inLondon. several(prenominal) policies have had a great impact in reducing the pollution fromthe city while some have not shown any effects.One such policy was to declare Ultra low emission zones inthe city where the vehicles meeting the highest standard s are only allowed toenter. But if we consider the collection plate of the policy it only secures about 300,000citizens while ignoring the overall of 3 million which are affected by theatrocities of air pollution.The auto industry has for long tried and developed thevehicles which emit lowest NOx but have always failed. They have bylobbying tried to have their bread and butter secure by keeping on doing thewrong things to the environment. The norms have been manipulated and it is bestsaid that power is in money. The recently published EU limits have been anexample of this, Netherlands being the only country to oppose the limits. Thelimits are set such that it allows manufactures could design for up to doublethe acceptable limits by the WHO.9(nelson, 2015)The in good order should understand that theneed is not to run from the problem but face it head on and take bolder steps. applied science of BEB must be accepted by European manufactures. 60 years ago,there was a ban on coal a si milar ban is needed for diesel at least for urbanvehicles and specially for public transport.Dark sideThe BEBs run on electric and are zero-tailpipe emittingvehicles but are they greenest filling available for transport in urban areas?Answer can be maybe no as the electricity used to charge the batteries of BEBscome from the burning of coal ion a thermal power plant. It can be made thegreenest if options are found to make it run on renewable sources of energy.Most of the electricity in UK comes from coal which is also a fuel which alsoproduces lots of carbon oxides and nitrogen oxides when combusted. Unless theelectricity coming to our football field is not by burning hydrocarbons there will be ahuge carbon footprint for any fully electric vehicle. But when a comparison isto be done burning a fuel in industry would be much more efficient that burningit on streets in different engines.Other hazard can be of battery disposal after its use. BEBsposses a large battery pack. Technology to recycle them must be developed sothat they dont cause any hazard to environment. Most of the batteries arethrown away & are used as landfill in various areas, these will lastdegrade the soil & cause damage to vegetation also. It is important thatBEB should be developed in such a way that they should be 100% green andenvironment friendly from well to wheel. This technology is developed as wedeveloped ICEs without assessing its impact on the environment. Cost might be abarrier but compromising now could mean serious consequences.BEBs can incorporate Other technologiesBuses in cities run over a intractable route and have a dedicatedlane in certain cities. A lot of research is put in developing an main(a)car, the same technology can be used in buses with much lesser hindrance as itwould not have any other traffic on its way. Autonomous electric bus can takeout one of the largest cost that bus operators incur and that is labour cost.This can make bus travel highly safe and cheaper in future with much moreaccuracy to run on schedules.Apart from independent drive use of renewable sources can bedone to produce electricity for the charging of BEB at the charging docks. Useof solar energy to generate electricity and can be stored in storage cells andthen used to charge the batteries of the buses. This can cut down carbonfootprint to a very low level. Suchtechnologies could make BEBs much more efficient and prove to be a game changerin the public transport sector.ConclusionThe idea of BEB has a clear future. It can prove to be thegame-changer to save the depleting air qualities in the cities and provide a boosttowards achieving a greener environment by cutting down the wasted fuel incongestion, providing more greener space & by removing the deadliest dieselICE in our cities.Implementing BEBs can not only be economically providing acountry with savings of hundreds of thousands of pounds on each bus but alsoserve good to its citizens health by saving them from life- threatening diseaseswhich could be rampant because of air pollution. There ought to be a lot ofchallenges along the path of revolution, but such has been the case with alltechnological revolutions, and theyve been dealt with before and I am sureBEBs in near future will take over the market as the first choice for publictransport buses all over the globe.ReferencesAnon., n.d. Bus travel statistics, LondonDepartment of transport.Bloomberg, n.d. s.l.s.n.Independent, 2016.New double decker bus launch in london. march. Metroline, n.d. FirstZero emission Double decker, London s.n.nelson, A., 2015. EUcaves in to auto industry pressure for tender emissions limits. Guardian.Taylor, M., 2017.Revealed every Londoner breathing dangerous levels of toxic air particle. Guardian.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/publications-and-reports/bus-fleet-data-and-audits,n.d. Bus fleet data and audits, s.l. s.n.TFl, L., 2017. TfLand the Mayor announce more fully electric buses, London TfL.Wikipedia, 2017. Batteryelectr ic buses, s.l. Wikipedia.Worldatlas, 2015. 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